Defense Agreement
Above all, he managed to get the support of Carl T. Durham, president of the JCAE. Eisenhower met with congressional leaders on December 3, 1957, and urged more discretion to work with all U.S. NATO allies, not just Britain. [69] In fact, the government has negotiated agreements with Australia, Canada and NATO. [70] Eisenhower did not yet have full support for the proposal, but the direct opposition of U.S. Senator Clinton Anderson did not find much support. [69] On January 27, 1958, Strauss sent the government`s proposed legislative amendments to Durham,[70] and the JCAE Subcommittee on Cooperation Agreements, chaired by Senator John Pastore, held hearings from January 29 to 31. Quarles and Major General Herbert Loper, the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Atomic Energy Affairs, were forced to address specific issues on nuclear proliferation. [71] British information security, or the lack thereof, no longer seemed as important, as the Soviet Union appeared to have come out on top and the UK had developed the hydrogen bomb independently,[72] but the JCAE opposed the terms of the proposed agreement on trade in British uranium-235 against US plutonium, under which the US would pay $30 per gram for plutonium, whose production in the United Kingdom costs 12 US dollars per gram. [73] Second, DCAs focus on day-to-day interactions in key areas of defence, which typically include (1) mutual consultation and defence policy coordination; (2) joint exercises, training and education; (3) coordination of peacekeeping operations; (4) defence-related research and development; (5) industrial cooperation in the field of defence; (6) the purchase of weapons; and (7) security of classified information. The main objective of the ACDs is therefore to promote substantive cooperation in these essential areas.
It is important to note that THE DCAs do not include mutual defence commitments. Officials often insist on this fact. Indonesia`s defense minister made it clear after a controversial LOAC with China in 2007: « We just want to improve our defense cooperation with China. We do not intend to sign a defence treaty with China. Footnote 16 LOCs also build ex post trust. For example, Iran`s defense minister called his country`s DCA with Kuwait a « confidence-building effort » in 2002, repeating a phrase that repeatedly appears in the statements of heads of state and government and in the texts of the ACDs themselves. Footnote 44 The prime ministers of China and India made this logic clear in a joint public statement on their 2005 LOAC, noting that « expanding and deepening defence exchanges between the two countries is essential to strengthening mutual trust and understanding between the two armed forces. » Footnote 45 ACDs build confidence by repeatedly involving governments in concrete acts of cooperation that involve significant risks. Footnote 46 Although collaboration issues relate primarily to ex ante trust issues, I later show that increased ex post trust reinforces the network effects of ACDs. Second, when governments face common security threats, whether intergovernmental or non-state, the shared benefits of defence cooperation should increase accordingly.
The perception of a common threat has long been a motivating factor for defence pacts. Footnote 73 In addition, in standard models of alliances for public goods, the level of threat directly determines the benefits and thus the demand for defence cooperation. Footnote 74 I expect a similar relationship with THE DCAs. It was built on 30. It was amended in 1954 by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, which allowed for an increased exchange of information with foreign countries[43] and paved the way for the Agreement on Cooperation on Nuclear Information for Mutual Defence Purposes, signed on 15 June 1955. [44] On June 13, 1956, another agreement was reached on the transfer of nuclear submarine propulsion technology to Britain, saving the British government millions of pounds in research and development costs. This triggered a dispute with the JCAE over whether this was allowed under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and whether Britain was meeting the safety standards set out in the 1955 agreement. In the run-up to the 1956 presidential election, Eisenhower was forced to withdraw the offer.
[45] The universe of defence agreements is vast. Treaty records show agreements on everything from war cemeteries to nuclear materials to military mapping. The vast majority of these agreements focus narrowly on specific threats or problems, and many stem from unique historical events such as wars, occupations, state failure or colonialism. .